Objective :
To
determine the effect of using different amount of Tragacanth in suspension
formulation.
Introduction :
Suspension is a preparation containing finely divided, insoluble drug particles
that are uniformly distributed throughout a vehicle. A suspension is a two
phased system in which a finely divided solid is dispersed in a continuous
phase of solid, liquid, or gas. The undissolved solid exists in equilibrium
with a saturated solution of the solid in the continuous phase. Suspension is
one of choice of formulation because certain drugs are chemically unstable in
solution but stable when suspended and to administer an insoluble compound as a
liquid.
Besides,
it also has dosage flexibility and taste making properties, where it can mask
the unpleasant taste of drugs by formulating a vehicle in which the drug is
insoluble, using an insoluble form of the drug and adsorbing the drug onto an
insoluble carrier. A good suspension must be therapeutically efficient,
chemically stable, settle slowly but readily redispersed upon shaking. The
suspended particle size should be small and uniformly sized in order to give a
smooth, elegant product that is free from a gritty texture. In addition,
suspended particle must remain constant for long periods and can be pour
readily and evenly to achieve desirable suspension.
The main problems with suspensions are, it settled rapidly at bottom of the
container and may form hard cake. In order to minimize these problems, we add
some ingredients, such as suspending agents, wetting agents and hydrophilic
colloid besides from their main ingredients such as active ingredients,
flavouring, colouring and preservatives. In this experiment, we are using
Tragacanth as a wetting agent and it is viscous in nature, it provides
thixotrophy to the solution. It acts by adsorbing at the suspensoid and
reducing surface tension at the solid interphase.
Apparatus
and Material :
I. Apparatus
Weighing
balance A
set of pipette (1ml) and bulb-pipette
1 weighing boat 1
centrifugation tube 15ml
A set of mortar
and pestle 1
beaker 100ml
Plastic bottle
150ml
Centrifugation equipment
Measuring
cylinder 50ml Viscometer
II. Materials
Chalk Syrup
BP
Tragacanth Double-strength
Chloroform Water
Concentrated
Peppermint Water Distilled
water
Procedures
:
1.
A suspension of Paediatric Chalk Mixture (150ml) is
prepared using the formulation below:
Chalk
3g
Tragacanth Refer to
table 1
Concentrated
Peppermint Water
0.6mL
Syrup BP
15mL
Double
Strength Chloroform Water 75mL
Distilled
Water, q.s.
150mL
|
Table 1
Paediatric Chalk Mixture
|
Group
|
Tragacanth (g)
|
I
|
1, 5, 9
|
0.0
|
II
|
2, 6, 10
|
0.1
|
III
|
3, 7, 11
|
0.3
|
IV
|
4, 8, 12
|
0.5
|
2.
Some of the suspension formed (5ml) is poured into the
weighing boat and labelled. State and compare the texture, clearness and colour
of the suspension formed.
3.
50ml of suspension formed is poured into the 50ml
measuring cylinder and the height of the solid phase sediment in the cylinder
is measured at intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes.
4.
The remaining suspension (95ml) is poured into a 100ml
beaker and viscosity of the suspension formed is determined using a viscometer.
5.
The particle size of
≥ 25µm in the suspension (from the remaining suspension) is determined
using Coulter Counter.
6.
10ml of suspension is poured into a centrifugation
tube and the height of the solid phase formed after centrifugation (1000rpm, 5
minutes, and 25°C) is determined.
Results :
2.
Compare the texture, clarity and colour of suspension(0.1g of tragacanth)
Texture: Diluted smooth
Clarity: Cloudy
Colour: Chalky white
Texture: Diluted smooth
Clarity: Cloudy
Colour: Chalky white
3.
Time/
min
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
Height/
mm
|
11.8
|
11.6
|
11.5
|
11.3
|
11.2
|
11.1
|
11.1
|
11.0
|
11,0
|
11,0
|
10.9
|
10.9
|
10.8
|
4.
Readings
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
Viscocity/
cP
|
47.00
|
217.50
|
150.00
|
135.00
|
82.50
|
150.00
|
Average
+ SD
|
130.33 ± 59.37
|
6.
Height/
mm
|
|
Before
centrifuge
|
8.0000
|
After
centrifuge
|
6.7000
|
Ratio
of height
|
0.8375
|
Discussion :
Suspension is
a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large
for sedimentation. In this experiment, the suspension made is
diluted smooth, cloudy and chalky white.
However, when 50 ml of suspension is poured into the cylinder for observation,
it shows that there is sedimentation.
Besides, it has also been shown that the viscosity of the
suspension is not uniform.
Tragacanth
is widely used in pharmaceutical products as a binding agent. It is an especially important substance in
the production of suspension. In this
experiment, only 0.1 g of Tragacanth is used.
Therefore, it was observed that the suspended particle (which in this
case is the chalk) settled with time.
Apart from that, it is also shown that this suspension cannot achieve
uniform viscosity. The use of too little Tragacanth has contributed to these.
There
are some errors that may have occurred throughout the experiment that had lead
to different results when compared with others groups of the same amount of
tragacanth used. Firstly, it may be
parallax error. While measuring the materials, the eye level is not parallel to
the meniscus of the the ingredients.
Besides, there might also be impurities in the suspension. This is because all the apparatus are not
washed beforehand the experiment.
All
the excipients used in this experiment have its own function. For tragacanth, it is used as a binding agent. Concentrated peppermint water
and syrup BP are used as a flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals. The Double Strength Chloroform Water BP is
included in this product as the preservative and also as the vehicle as per the
product formula. Distilled water in this case is used as a raw material,
ingredient, and solvent in the processing, and formulation of this suspension.
Tragacanth is used to
suspend heavy insoluble powder in the production of suspension. The appropriate quantity of Tragacanth to be
used to form suspension is 0.2 g Tragacanth BP powder for 100 ml suspension. Therefore, to prepare for a 150 ml suspension,
the most suitable amount is 0.3 g of Tragacanth.
Conclusion:
Suspension
dosage form is a preferred and widely accepted dosage forms for insoluble or
poorly soluble drugs for various therapeutic applications. In this
practical, the texture (0.1 g of tragacanth) is smooth and dilute in its form.
The suspension formed is cloudy and chalky white in colour. Formations of
precipitate, clarity for solutions, pH, viscosity, extractable, level of
microbial contamination are those to be emphasizing during formulation of suspension.
The height of suspension which excludes the clear part of it (at upper part of test tubes) is decreases due to precipitation that occurs as time increases. Viscosity of suspension also is different from one formulation to another because it depends on the type of suspending and stabilizing agents used. The height of suspension before centrifuge is 8.000 mm while 6.700 mm after centrifuge because the process causes more sedimentation of particles in suspension to occur. This process is used to separate solid substances from highly concentrated suspension.
The height of suspension which excludes the clear part of it (at upper part of test tubes) is decreases due to precipitation that occurs as time increases. Viscosity of suspension also is different from one formulation to another because it depends on the type of suspending and stabilizing agents used. The height of suspension before centrifuge is 8.000 mm while 6.700 mm after centrifuge because the process causes more sedimentation of particles in suspension to occur. This process is used to separate solid substances from highly concentrated suspension.
References:
1.
http://www.springer.com/biomed/pharmacology+%26+toxicology/book/978-1-4419-1086-8
Retrieved on: April 28, 2014.
2.
http://www.amazon.com/Pharmaceutical-Suspensions-Formulation-Development-Manufacturing-ebook/dp/B008BA5S9E
Retrieved on:April 28, 2014.
3.
http://www.lenntech.com/library/clarification/clarification/centrifugation.htm
Retrieved on: April 29, 2014.
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